É
longa e antiga a discussão sobre a forma como se processava o relacionamento
sexual na Grécia Antiga, no quadro da instituição cultural designada como
Pederastia, comummente praticada pelos gregos antigos em muitas cidades-estados,
nomeadamente em Atenas, durante os séculos VII, VI e V e o início do século IV
AC.
Um
dos maiores estudiosos da sexualidade grega, Sir Kenneth Dover (1920-2010),
presidente da British Academy, presidente do Corpus Christi College, Oxford e
chanceler da Universidade St Andrews, autor da obra, ainda hoje considerada de
referência, Greek Homosexuality
(1978) sustentou que a relação sexual entre o erasta (o amante) e o erómeno
(o amado) não envolvia penetração anal. A idade do erómeno situava-se na faixa entre os 13 e os 20 anos, embora se
apontem casos (raros) em que a idade podia aproximar-se dos 30 anos. De facto,
é esta a conclusão que se pode tirar das pinturas dos vasos antigos. Existem
representações de actos sexuais com penetração anal mas em que os parceiros são
já adultos.
Todavia,
esta opinião de Sir Kenneth Dover não é totalmente partilhada por Eva
Cantarella (n. 1936), professora catedrática da Universidade de Milão e decana
da Faculdade de Direito da célebre Universidade de Camerino. No seu livro Bisexuality in the Ancient World
(1992/2002), tradução do original italiano Secondo
natura (1988), a autora escreve:
«It has recently been maintained that Athenian sexual
morality did not envisage sodomy in the pederastic relationship. According to
the findings of Sir Kenneth Dover, anal intercourse (which never appears when
intercourse between adults and paides
is depicted in vases) seems to be reserved for relations between adults. The
numerous representations of pederastic relationships describe the two
successive moments of courtship and sexual union in a very particular form. In
the courtship phase, the erastês is
represented in the position which Beazley defines as “up and down”: in front of
his beloved, with one hand he brushes his face, with the other his genitals. At
the moment of union he is once again standing in front of the erômenos, but this time with his penis
between his thighs.
Does this finding necessarily mean that anal
intercourse was socially prohibited in the case of paides? Might one not assume that the iconography represented
images better suited to highlighting the affective aspect of the pederastic
relationship, almost as if to point out and emphasise the importance and
nobility of this relationship, contrasting it with purely physical one which
linked two adult lovers? Another quite relevant consideration springs to mind,
when one thinks about the iconography of heterosexual relationships: in this
case too, penetration is only represented when the woman is a courtesan.
Relations with “respectable” women leave out all reference to the sexual act.
Would anybody dream of thinking, on this basis, that Greeks had sex only with
courtesans, and not with their wives?
I believe that, to confirm the hypothesis that anal
penetration was normal in pederastic relationships, it would be helpful at this
point to look once more at lexical analysis. The verb which most frequently
indicates the moment when the boy yields to the lover is, as we saw, charizesthai: but often, to indicate
this moment, two other highly significant verbs appear – hypourgein and hypêretein,
“rendering service” and “serving as a subordinate”. If the ethics of pederasty
envisaged intercrural intercourse as the only form of sexual satisfaction for
the lover, why speak of the beloved “submitting”?
But the most significant confirmation of the
hypothesis we are seeking to verify comes from the graffiti of Thera. More than
once in these graffiti we read specific references to anal intercourse. In the
inscription that we already looked at, for example, Krimon, the lover, to
describe his intercourse with his beloved uses the verb oipein. This verb occurs five times in the inscriptions, and in the
Dorian dialect (as shown by its meaning in the code of Gortyn) it means the
male sexual act performed either on a male partner or on a female partner:
which inevitably means that when used with reference to homosexual intercourse,
it indicates anal penetration. In the light of this consideration it really
becomes very difficult to imagine that a custom of such antiquity and with such
major traditions (even though, over the centuries, the memorial of its
institutional value was lost) could not only have been lost but have become an
infamous practice.» (pp.
24, 24, 26)
«To finish with this point, I believe that it was
absolutely normal throughout the course of Greek history for a boy to “submit”
to his lover, and that this did not necessarily involve any loss of honour.
Honour, certainly, was at stake: but it was lost, as we have seen, only by paides who yielded without respecting
some rules of what might be called a procedural nature. These rules were
established on a social level by the etiquette of courtship; they have already
been described, and on examining the evidence, despite everything that has been
said on this topic, we find these rules confirmed and clarified by the
provisions of the law.» (p. 27)
Daqui,
e de outras obras, pode concluir-se o seguinte:
1) As relações pederásticas
podiam envolver penetração anal do erasta
no erómeno e rarissimamente do erómeno no erasta;
2) Os gregos, enquanto cidadãos
(excluem-se os escravos que, sendo coisas, tinham como uma das suas missões
satisfazer os seus proprietários) podiam manter relações homossexuais entre si;
3) Havia prostituição
homossexual masculina entre os gregos;
4) Havia prostituição heterossexual
feminina entre os gregos;
5) Nunca eram representadas
relações sexuais entre marido e mulher;
6) Algumas cerâmicas áticas dos
séculos VI e V AC (embora escassas) representam cenas de sexo oral praticado
pelo erómeno no erasta e muito mais raramente pelo erasta no erómeno.
Por
outro lado, Eva C. Keuls, professora da Universidade de Minnesota, na sua obra The Reign of the Phallus – Sexual Politics
in Ancient Athens (1985/1993), embora invocando igualmente Sir Kenneth
Dover, entende que a homossexualidade (pederástica, no caso vertente) grega era
não só uma instituição cívica, como é amplamente sustentado, mas também uma
forma de os homens se afastarem das mulheres. Escreve
a autora:
«It is a common opinion of Dover and others that the
peculiarity of Athenian social behavior was not that Athenian men practiced homosexuality
– among what people has it not occurred at some times? – but that the Athenians
sanctioned it and even glorified it as a useful institution. In contrast to
this familiar argument, I will try to show that, although male homosexuality
was widely practiced, in the Classical period it was, at the most, only
half-heartedly condoned.
One standard explanation of Greek homosexuality is
that it represented an escape from the female. As shown by the two epigraphs at
the head of this chapter, some Greeks considered handsome young boys lovers as
substitute for women. Indeed, neither their cowed or vicious wives at home nor
the calculating hetaerai of their symposium nights can have been very
satisfying sex partners in the long run. The need to escape from the rasping
effect of male-female antagonism must have been just as much as a factor in the
phenomenon of Greek homosexuality as it is in modern society. Yet the theory of
the escape from the dreaded and despised female only skims the surface; it
fails to reach the depths of the phenomenon.
If the primary impulse had been to replace a
heterosexual relationship, corroded by alienation and hostility, with a nobler
one, where sex could be mingled with friendship and intellectual stimulation,
the ideal partnership would have been that between two men of comparable age,
status, and educational level. Instead, the homosexual connection favored by
the Greeks was not so much homoerotic as pederastic; the archetypal
relationship was between a mature man at the height of his sexual power and
need a young, erotically undeveloped boy just before puberty. The standard
Greek nomenclature gives the older, aggressive partner the title of the “lover”
(erastes) and the young, passive male
that of the “beloved” (eromenos).
This pattern parallels the ritual of initiation of the young into adult society
and thus has pedagogic overtones, as has long been stressed in a number of
studies (Bethe, Brelich, Bremmer). However, the evidence for homosexual
practices as part of initiation points more strongly to the Dorian Greeks than
to those of Attica.» (p.
275)
Transcrevo
as duas epígrafes deste capítulo mencionadas no texto pela autora:
“You hate women profoundly and therefore you are now
turning to boys.”
- Fragment of the comedy The
See-alls by Cratinus [152 K]
“Boys are beautiful too, for as long a time as they
look like women.”
- The hetaera Glycera, as quoted by Athenaeus [605 d]
Estes
breves apontamentos pretendem esclarecer alguns pormenores acerca da
homossexualidade na Grécia Antiga. E também derramam luz sobre a sexualidade
posterior ao longo dos séculos.
O
que era eventualmente criticado pelos gregos, como sendo desonroso, era o acto
de submissão dos adultos, isto é, ser analmente penetrado ou praticar fellatio, situações que costumam ser
designadas por atitudes passivas, em oposição às do respectivo parceiro,
consideradas activas. Sendo aqui o sexo oral visto como muito mais indecoroso
do que o sexo anal.
Nos
países árabes de expressão francesa da África do Norte costuma-se chamar
positivos aos intervenientes activos e negativos aos intervenientes passivos.
Curiosamente,
no Portugal da segunda metade do século passado, em que a maioria dos rapazes
heterossexuais aceitava praticar, temporária ou episodicamente, relações
homossexuais, fosse em troca de dinheiro (na maior parte dos casos um pretexto
para a prática dos actos), fosse pelo simples prazer, os mancebos não tinham
qualquer relutância ao exercício da masturbação mútua, já punham muito mais
reservas à prática de fellatio mas o
que para eles era considerado realmente degradante (ao invés dos gregos) era a
penetração anal. Porque havia a tradição de que verdadeiramente “paneleiros”
eram só aqueles que “levavam no cu”!
Escusado
será dizer que na Grécia Antiga (e em Roma) era inimaginável o conceito de “paneleiro”
e que o próprio termo “homossexual” apenas começou a ser utilizado em 1869,
quando criado pelo escritor austro-húngaro Karl-Maria Kertbeny. A proscrição
moral surgiu na Judeia, em tempo incerto, pela aplicação da lei mosaica (a
partir dos Dez Mandamentos, ou da sua interpretação errada) que viria a
integrar o cânone do Cristianismo, o qual se difundiu progressivamente por todo
o Império Romano na sua fase tardia.
A
Igreja Católica (as Igrejas Cristãs) adoptaram acriticamente o anátema,
fundamentando-se designadamente nos escritos de Paulo de Tarso, mas não é este
o lugar para tratar da Sexualidade no universo cristão.